![]() Reactions that recover equilibrium to external disturbances, such as a trip, slip, or push. The functional goals of the balance system includes: ![]() Maintaining balance encompasses the acts of maintaining, achieving or restoring the body center of mass (COM) relative to the base of support, or more generally, within the limits of stability ( Alexander 1994 Pollock et al., 2000). Information from sensory systems is interpreted in the central nervous systems (CNS) based on an internal body schema, an appropriate response is formulated, and the postural muscle synergies are activated to perform the appropriate head, eye, trunk, and limb movements to maintain posture (Horak and Macpherson, 1987 Horak, 1987, 1997 Macpherson and Horak, 2009). The complexity of control of balance results in many different types of balance problems that need systematic clinical assessment for effective treatment.īalance is achieved by the complex integration and coordination of multiple body systems including the vestibular, visual, auditory, motor, and higher level premotor systems ( Horak 1997). Patients with neurological or musculoskeletal disorders are even more likely to have balance problems that affect their safe mobility. One-third to one-half of the population over age 65 reports some difficulties with balance or ambulation.
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